Accreditation of Quality in Primary Health Care in Chile: Perception of the Teams from Accredited Family Healthcare Centers.

This study aimed to investigate the perception of the health teams belonging to the Family Healthcare Centers (CESFAMs) that are accredited, regarding the process of implementation and the achievement of accreditation. A qualitative approach was applied, with contributions from grounded theory, through the technique of individual in-depth interviews and focus groups. The interviews were carried out in nine accredited CESFAMs. For the presentation, organization and analysis of the data, Atlas.ti V9 software was used. From the results, derived from the open phase of the analysis, obtained from the opinions of the participants, a total of 26 categories emerged relating to the facilitating and hindering factors of the process. From the axial phase, it was possible to establish central categories that were related to quality management policies, the structure of Primary Health Care (PHC), participation and co-construction, and leadership and change management. In conclusion, the discourse of the teams reveals the need to have necessary conditions for the accreditation process, which are mainly related to training, characteristics of the types of leadership and teamwork in harmony with the process. Finally, the study reveals a gap in the community participation in this process, which suggests continuing this line of research.

Accessibility in People with Disabilities in Primary Healthcare Centers: A Dimension of the Quality of Care.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate universal accessibility in primary healthcare (PHC) centers in the Atacama region, Chile, through an analytical cross-sectional study with a quality approach, which uses the external audit model with the application of a dichotomous comparison guideline, evaluating levels of compliance with four dimensions of universal accessibility described in the literature: participation, information, accessibility chain and architectural aspects. This was carried out in 18 PHC, and set as Lower Control Limit (LCL) of 70% to compare levels of compliance, and a hierarchical model and k-mean analysis were applied. Results: Very low compliance averages were obtained, 37.7% participation, 4% information, 44.4% access chain, and 63.9% architectural aspects, indicating a critical situation. Moreover, the cluster comparison allowed to observe that a group of healthcare centers complies more than other groups, which requires more attention. Conclusions: The low level of accessibility for people with disabilities may be associated with various factors that require further monitoring and analysis. However, low levels of accessibility require changing the way of relating to this vulnerable group of the population, and considering including them in the design and reasonable adjustments made in PHC centers. The findings from this research open the possibility for future research that increases understanding of how to reduce barriers in a such wide variety of forms of disability.

Characterization of Communes with Quality Accredited Primary Healthcare Centers in Chile.

The accreditation process of primary healthcare centers in Chile has not had the same progress as in hospitals, which show high levels of compliance. The purpose of this research is to characterize the communes that have accredited family healthcare centers (CESFAMs) through socio-economic, municipal management, clinical management, and population variables by performing a principal components analysis (PCA) with biplot analysis and a grouping of communes through a hierarchical analysis. The biplot analysis and hierarchical analysis yielded the formation of three large groups of communes with accredited CESFAMs, characterized mainly by population size, number of people registered in the municipal health system, socioeconomic indicators, and financial management and clinical management variables. It was found that the communes that have accredited CESFAMs are characterized by dissimilar behavior in relation to the variables analyzed. Through the model used, it was possible to establish at least three groups of communes according to their behavior against these variables. Of these, the variables of a municipal financial nature were not decisive in achieving the accreditation of the CESFAMs of these communes. Therefore, it is possible that there are other variables or factors that could be facilitating the achievement of accreditation processes.

Experiences and perceptions on sexuality, risk and STI/HIV prevention campaigns by university students. Designing a digital intervention. / Experiencias y percepciones sobre sexualidad, riesgo y campañas de prevención de ITS/VIH por estudiantes universitarios. Diseñando una intervención digital.

This study reports on the qualitative phase of a study that seeks to design a digital intervention for the prevention of STI / HIV and promotion of sexual health in university students. The experience and perception that university students have about sexuality, risk and prevention campaigns are addressed through focus groups. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with key informants. The results reveal that sexual education is limited and restricted to the biological aspect, as well as loaded with prejudices and gender biases, which narrows the information provided to the student population. Wavering prevention strategies that fail to motivate students or offer them opportunities for making informed and independent decisions about their sexual health are apparent. The STI / HIV campaigns assessed are distant, fear-based and not inclusive. Interventions in sexual health do not weigh experiential aspects of youth sexuality, as they are based on models of ideal and stereotyped behavior, discarding first-person narratives and their rich complexity. It is imperative to innovate in the prevention of STI/HIV, formulating interventions based on an integrative, multidisciplinary and contextualized design that values the theory and experience of the target populations.

Damos cuenta de la fase cualitativa de una investigación que busca diseñar una intervención digital de prevención de ITS/VIH y promoción de salud sexual en jóvenes universitarios. A partir de grupos focales se abordó la experiencia y percepción que universitarios tienen sobre sexualidad, riesgo y campañas de prevención. Se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes claves. Los resultados muestran que la educación sexual es escasa, reducida a lo biológico, cargada de prejuicios y sesgos de género, limitando el manejo de información por la población estudiantil. Se evidencian estrategias vacilantes de prevención, no logrando motivar ni ofrecer oportunidades para la toma de decisiones conscientes y autónomas en salud sexual. Las campañas de ITS/VIH se evaluaron poco inclusivas, lejanas y basadas en el miedo. Las intervenciones en salud sexual han fallado en sopesar aspectos experienciales de la sexualidad juvenil, basándose en modelos de comportamiento ideal y estereotipado, desechando narrativas en primera persona y su rica complejidad. Es imperativo innovar en la prevención de ITS/VIH, formulando intervenciones basadas en un diseño integrador, multidisciplinar y situado, que valore la teoría y la experiencia de las poblaciones objetivo.

Experiencias y percepciones sobre sexualidad, riesgo y campañas de prevención de ITS/VIH por estudiantes universitarios. Diseñando una intervención digital / Experiences and perceptions on sexuality, risk and STI/HIV prevention campaigns by university students. Designing a digital intervention

Resumen Damos cuenta de la fase cualitativa de una investigación que busca diseñar una intervención digital de prevención de ITS/VIH y promoción de salud sexual en jóvenes universitarios. A partir de grupos focales se abordó la experiencia y percepción que universitarios tienen sobre sexualidad, riesgo y campañas de prevención. Se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes claves. Los resultados muestran que la educación sexual es escasa, reducida a lo biológico, cargada de prejuicios y sesgos de género, limitando el manejo de información por la población estudiantil. Se evidencian estrategias vacilantes de prevención, no logrando motivar ni ofrecer oportunidades para la toma de decisiones conscientes y autónomas en salud sexual. Las campañas de ITS/VIH se evaluaron poco inclusivas, lejanas y basadas en el miedo. Las intervenciones en salud sexual han fallado en sopesar aspectos experienciales de la sexualidad juvenil, basándose en modelos de comportamiento ideal y estereotipado, desechando narrativas en primera persona y su rica complejidad. Es imperativo innovar en la prevención de ITS/VIH, formulando intervenciones basadas en un diseño integrador, multidisciplinar y situado, que valore la teoría y la experiencia de las poblaciones objetivo.

Abstract This study reports on the qualitative phase of a study that seeks to design a digital intervention for the prevention of STI / HIV and promotion of sexual health in university students. The experience and perception that university students have about sexuality, risk and prevention campaigns are addressed through focus groups. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with key informants. The results reveal that sexual education is limited and restricted to the biological aspect, as well as loaded with prejudices and gender biases, which narrows the information provided to the student population. Wavering prevention strategies that fail to motivate students or offer them opportunities for making informed and independent decisions about their sexual health are apparent. The STI / HIV campaigns assessed are distant, fear-based and not inclusive. Interventions in sexual health do not weigh experiential aspects of youth sexuality, as they are based on models of ideal and stereotyped behavior, discarding first-person narratives and their rich complexity. It is imperative to innovate in the prevention of STI/HIV, formulating interventions based on an integrative, multidisciplinary and contextualized design that values the theory and experience of the target populations.

Evolution of infant mortality in Chile and how it has been reflected in scientific publications between 1980 and 2019. / Evolución de la mortalidad infantil en Chile y su reflejo en las publicaciones científicas entre 1980 y 2019.

INTRODUCTION: One of the Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the child mortality rate (CMR), an indicator still present in the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030). At the same time, scientific investigations and reports were necessary to assess the behavior of the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the effectiveness of interventions to approach it. OBJECTIVE: To describe IMR behavior in Chile and how it has been reflected in the scientific publications made in the 1980-2019 period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Implementation of the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) method in relation to IMR between 1980 and 2016, and search for related articles published between 1980 and 2019 in SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The analysis included IMR behavior and its reflection in the publications made in that period. RESULTS: IMR decreased from 28 % to 7.2 % per 1000 live births between 1980 and 2016 (-74 %) and 82 publications were identified in this period. Two types of studies about IMR were reported as of the cutoff point of 1996. In the first period, studies focused on preventable diseases and interventions, while IMR showed a slowing down in its reduction. After the cutoff point, studies focused on non-preventable diseases and factors related to inequalities and inequities. CONCLUSIONS: IMR prevails as a synthetic indicator of health conditions. Changes in its evolution and causes have been reflected in publications, which have shifted their focus and areas of interest in accordance with the changes in this indicator.

Introducción. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio incluyen la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI), indicador que sigue vigente en las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (2015-2030). En paralelo, se requirieron investigaciones y reportes científicos para evaluar el comportamiento de la TMI y la efectividad de intervenciones para su abordaje. Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de la TMI en Chile y su reflejo en las publicaciones científicas durante el período 1980-2019. Material y métodos. Aplicación del método de regresión lineal multivariable adaptiva (MARS, por su sigla en inglés) sobre las TMI entre 1980 y 2016, y búsqueda de artículos relacionados publicados entre 1980 y 2019 en SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane Library y Embase. Se analizó el comportamiento de la TMI y su reflejo en las publicaciones del período. Resultados. Hubo una reducción de la TMI de 28 ‰ a 7,2 ‰ nacidos vivos entre 1980 y 2016 (-74 %) y se identificaron 82 publicaciones en el período. Se registraron dos tipos de estudio sobre la TMI a partir de un punto de corte en 1996. En el primer período, los estudios abordaron patologías evitables e intervenciones, a la par de una reducción de la velocidad de descenso de la TMI. Posteriormente al punto de corte, los estudios se enfocaron en enfermedades no evitables y factores relacionados con inequidades y desigualdades. Conclusiones. La TMI prevalece como indicador sintético de las condiciones de salud. Las modificaciones en su evolución y sus causas se han reflejado en las publicaciones, que han variado sus énfasis y focos de atención según el cambio en este indicador.

Tendencia de la cesárea: una reflexión desde la ética / Cesarean section trend: a reflection from ethics / Tendência à cesárea: uma reflexão a partir da ética

Resumen: Las estadísticas mundiales muestran una tendencia al alza en las tasas de cesáreas que superan el 15% recomendado por la OPS/OMS. Esta cirugía se ha convertido en la más frecuente en los países de ingresos medios y altos. Algunos estudios sugieren que no todas estas cesáreas estarían justificadas. Al respecto se plantean algunas reflexiones sobre los dilemas éticos que se pueden observar desde varias posiciones teóricas, como el consecuencialismo, el kantianismo, la ética de la virtud y la teoría feminista. A su vez, estos dilemas están inmersos en múltiples factores individuales, sociales y culturales, entre otros. Desde la salud pública se debe revisar el parámetro actual definido como "rango aceptable" de cesáreas, ya que puede ser demasiado bajo. Igualmente se recomienda la aplicación de medidas para fortalecer en los pacientes el deseo de un parto normal, cuando sea posible, a través de información y educación oportuna durante la atención prenatal. Las decisiones del profesional de la salud y de las mujeres deben estar respaldadas por la mejor información disponible.

Abstract: World statistics show an upward trend in Cesarean section rates that exceed the 15% recommended by PAHO / WHO. This surgery has become the most common in high- and middle-income countries. Some studies suggest that not all these caesarean sections would be justified. In this regard, some reflections are made on the ethical dilemmas that can be observed from various theoretical positions such as consequentialism, Kantianism, the ethics of virtue and feminist theory. In turn, these dilemmas are immersed in multiple individuals, social and cultural factors, among others. From Public Health, the current parameter defined as the "acceptable range" of Caesarean sections should be reviewed as it may be too low. It is also recommended that measures be applied to strengthen patients' desire for a normal delivery whenever possible through timely information and education during prenatal care. The decisions of the health professional and women must be supported by the best information available.

Resumo: As estatísticas mundiais mostram uma tendência de alta nas taxas de cesáreas que superam em 15% o recomendado pela OPAS/OMS. Esta cirurgia se converteu na mais frequente em países de renda média e alta. Alguns estudos sugerem que não todas estas cesáreas seriam justificadas. A esse respeito se colocam algumas reflexões sobre os dilemas éticos que se podem observar desde várias posiciones teóricas, como o consequencialismo, o kantianismo, a ética da virtude e a teoria feminista. Por sua vez, estes dilemas estão imersos em múltiplos fatores individuais, sociais e culturais, entre outros. Deve-se revisar, a partir da saúde pública, o parâmetro atual definido como "faixa aceitável" de cesáreas, já que pode ser demasiado baixo. Igualmente se recomenda a aplicação de medidas para fortalecer nas pacientes o desejo de um parto normal, quando possível, através de informação e educação oportuna durante a assistência pré-natal. As decisões do profissional da saúde e das mulheres devem estar respaldadas pela melhor informação disponível.

Evolución de la mortalidad infantil en Chile y su reflejo en las publicaciones científicas entre 1980 y 2019 / Evolution of infant mortality in Chile and how it has been reflected in scientific publications between 1980 and 2019

Introducción. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio incluyen la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI), indicador que sigue vigente en las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (2015-2030). En paralelo, se requirieron investigaciones y reportes científicos para evaluar el comportamiento de la TMI y la efectividad de intervenciones para su abordaje. Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de la TMI en Chile y su reflejo en las publicaciones científicas durante el período 1980-2019. Material y métodos. Aplicación del método de regresión lineal multivariable adaptiva (MARS, por su sigla en inglés) sobre las TMI entre 1980 y 2016, y búsqueda de artículos relacionados publicados entre 1980 y 2019 en SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane Library y Embase. Se analizó el comportamiento de la TMI y su reflejo en las publicaciones del período. Resultados. Hubo una reducción de la TMI de 28 ‰ a 7,2 ‰ nacidos vivos entre 1980 y 2016 (-74 %) y se identificaron 82 publicaciones en el período. Se registraron dos tipos de estudio sobre la TMI a partir de un punto de corte en 1996 En el primer período, los estudios abordaron patologías evitables e intervenciones, a la par de una reducción de la velocidad de descenso de la TMI. Posteriormente al punto de corte, los estudios se enfocaron en enfermedades no evitables y factores relacionados con inequidades y desigualdades. Conclusiones. La TMI prevalece como indicador sintético de las condiciones de salud. Las modificaciones en su evolución y sus causas se han reflejado en las publicaciones, que han variado sus énfasis y focos de atención según el cambio en este indicador

Introduction. One of the Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the child mortality rate (CMR), an indicator still present in the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030). At the same time, scientific investigations and reports were necessary to assess the behavior of the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the effectiveness of interventions to approach it. Objective. To describe IMR behavior in Chile and how it has been reflected in the scientific publications made in the 1980-2019 period. Material and methods. Implementation of the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) method in relation to IMR between 1980 and 2016, and search for related articles published between 1980 and 2019 in SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The analysis included IMR behavior and its reflection in the publications made in that period. Results. IMR decreased from 28 % to 7.2 % per 1000 live births between 1980 and 2016 (-74 %) and 82 publications were identified in this period. Two types of studies about IMR were reported as of the cutoff point of 1996. In the first period, studies focused on preventable diseases and interventions, while IMR showed a slowing down in its reduction. After the cutoff point, studies focused on non-preventable diseases and factors related to inequalities and inequities. Conclusions. IMR prevails as a synthetic indicator of health conditions. Changes in its evolution and causes have been reflected in publications, which have shifted their focus and areas of interest in accordance with the changes in this indicator.

Validación de un instrumento para evaluar consejería adolescente diferenciada en un centro de salud / Validation of an instrument for assessing adolescent counseling differentiated in a health center

RESUMEN La OMS/OPS admite que los patrones de conducta sexuales de los adolescentes y jóvenes han cambiado. Se afirma la consejería adolescente ha mostrado buenos resultados. Por ello el propósito de este estudio es evaluar un cuestionario que evaluará este tipo de intervención. Objetivos Establecer la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad de un instrumento para evaluar consejería en adolescentes asistentes al centro de salud Rucahueche. Métodos Estudio exploratorio con una muestra de 151 adolescentes entre 15 y 19 años, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado. La validez de constructo y de consistencia interna fue evaluada por análisis factorial y el Alfa de Cronbach, respectivamente. Resultados El análisis factorial identificó en 3 dimensiones 10 constructos, los cuales explicaron el 62% - 67% de su variabilidad. A su vez, el análisis de consistencia interna obtuvo una puntuación de alfa de 0,934. Conclusiones El instrumento mostró evidencias de validez de constructo y de confiabilidad. Dichos análisis indican la factibilidad de aplicación del instrumento. Sin embargo, la validación del instrumento aún es un reto, debido a su relevancia para una mirada más profunda sobre la atención y la gestión en la atención de adolescentes. Por tanto, se considerará seguir haciendo estudios para explorar su dimensionalidad y validez de contenido.

ABSTRACT The WHO/PAHO admits that the sexual behavior patterns of adolescents and young people have changed. It is claimed adolescent counseling has shown good results. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate a questionnaire that will evaluate this type of intervention. Objectives To establish the construct validity and reliability of an instrument for assessing adolescent counseling attending the health center Rucahueche. Methods An exploratory study with a sample of 151 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, who were applied a self-administered questionnaire. Construct validity and internal consistency was assessed by factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Results: Factor analysis identified three dimensions 10 constructs, which accounted for 62% -67% of its variability. In turn, analysis of internal consistency score was alpha of 0.934. Conclusions The instrument showed evidence of construct validity and reliability. These analyzes indícate the feasibility of the instrument. However, validation of the instrument is still a challenge, because of its relevance to a deeper look on the care and management in adolescent care. Therefore, it is deemed to continue doing studies to explore the dimensionality and content validity.

Discapacidad laboral por dolor lumbar: estudio caso control en Santiago de Chile / Work disability for lower back pain: case control study in Santiago

ANTECEDENTES. La discapacidad laboral por dolor lumbar causa ausencia laboral y gastos económicos. Se ha responsabilizado su presencia a condiciones del entorno laboral y a la manipulación manual de cargas (MMC). Se evaluó la asociación entre niveles de exposición laboral a MMC y presencia de discapacidad en trabajadores protegidos por ley laboral en Santiago de Chile. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO. Estudio Caso Control. Exposición y covariables de interés fueron medidas en puesto de trabajo. Los análisis incluyeron Modelos de Regresión Logística Múltiple. RESULTADOS. La exposición a MMC moderada muestra OR: 1,62 (IC95%:0,61-4,33), la exposición a MMC alta y muy alta muestra OR de 2,75 (IC95%:1,08-6,95). DISCUSIÓN. Existe una importante magnitud y gradiente de asociación entre MMC y discapacidad. Variables psicosociales, organizacionales e individuales también explican el fenómeno. Se sugiere rediseñar las estrategias nacionales para prevenir riesgos laborales relacionados con discapacidad por dolor lumbar.

BACKGROUND: Work disability due to low back pain causes lost productivity and economic expense. It has been blamed on the working environment and the manual handling of loads (MHL). The link between levels of work exposure to MHL and the disability of workers protected by labor law was evaluated in Santiago, Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control study. Exposure and study co-variables were measured in the workplace. The analyses included multiple logistic regression models. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Exposure to moderate MHL shows an OR: 1.62 (95% CI: 0.61-4.33), high and very high exposure to MHL shows an OR of 2.75 (95% CI: 1.08-6.95), controlled by psychosocial, organizational and individual aspects. There is a significant magnitude and gradient of association between MHL and disability. Psychosocial, organizational and individual variables also explain the phenomenon. It is suggested that national strategies be redesigned to prevent the occupational risks related to disability due to low back pain.

Factores de riesgo ergonómico y su relación con dolor musculoesquelético de columna vertebral: basado en la primera encuesta nacional de condiciones de empleo, equidad, trabajo, salud y calidad de vida de los trabajadores y trabajadoras en Chile (ENETS) 2009-2010 / Ergonomic risk factors and their relationship to spinal musculoskeletal pain: based on the first national survey of conditions of employment equity, labour, health and quality of life of the workers in Chile (ENETS) 2009-2010

El dolor de columna constituye un importante problema de salud en la población trabajadora, atribuido a factores individuales y condiciones laborales. Este estudio buscó determinar la influencia de la exposición a factores de riesgo ergonómico durante la jornada laboral sobre la presencia de dolor musculoesquelético en la columna vertebral. Los datos de este estudio se originaron a partir de los resultados que obtuvo la ENETS dirigida a la población laboral chilena. Se pudo concluir que los factores de riesgo ergonómicos que más explican el riesgo de padecer dolor de columna fueron "movimiento repetitivo" (OR: 1.34; CI: 1.08-1.65) seguido de "vibración corporal" (OR: 1.28; CI: 1.04-1.58). En relación al resultado del estudio, es recomendable revisar las políticas públicas en relación a la seguridad y salud laboral así como la legislación vigente relacionada con los problemas musculoesquelético. Estas deben orientarse a la acomodación ergonómica del puesto de trabajo con el propósito de reducir el impacto generado por la exposición reiterada a factores tales como, el manejo de cargas, posturas forzadas y movimientos corporales repetitivos y el efecto acumulativo por trabajos anteriores (AU)

Spinal pain is a major health problem in the working population, attributed to individual factors and conditions factors. This study sought to determine the influence of exposure to ergonomic risk factors during working hours on the presence of musculoskeletal pain in the spine. The data in this study originated from the results obtained ENETS aimed at Chilean workforce. We concluded that ergonomic risk factors that best explain the risk of spinal pain were "repetitive motion" (OR 1.34, CI: 1.08-1.65) followed by "body vibration" (OR: 1.28, CI: 1.04-1.58). Regarding the outcome of the study, you should review the policies in relation to occupational health and safety and current legislation related to musculoskeletal problems. These should focus on the accommodation ergonomic workstation in order to reduce the impact caused by repeated exposure to factors such as load handling, awkward postures and repetitive body movements and the cumulative effect from previous work (AU)

Asociación entre puesto de trabajo computacional y síntomas musculoesqueléticos en usuarios frecuentes / Association between computational jobs and musculoskeletal symptoms in office workers

Introducción: Está comprobado que el uso frecuente de computadores en trabajos administrativos muestra un aumento de problemas musculoesqueléticos en las personas que los utilizan. Este estudio pretende determinar asociaciones entre puestos de trabajo computacional y presencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos, con especial énfasis en elementos físicos que componen el diseño. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado sobre una muestra poblacional de 153 sujetos administrativos y usuarios frecuentes de computadores. Se administró cuestionario de síntomas musculoesqueléticos y una evaluación ergonómica de los puestos de trabajo. Posteriormente, se realizó análisis univariado y multivariados. Resultados y Discusión: La proporción de puestos de trabajo con diseño ergonómico inadecuado de la superficie de trabajo fue 62,7%, teclado 53,6%, y portadocumentos 90,8%. La asociación más importante entre los síntomas por región corporal con diseño ergonómico inadecuado fue hombro izquierdo/teclado (valor p: 0,04). Se concluye que la población estudiada tiene alta prevalencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos y que el diseño no ergonómico del teclado, escritorio y silla podrían estar relacionados con síntomas en extremidades superiores, región dorsal y lumbar, respectivamente. Se sugiere estudiar el uso dado a los puestos de trabajo por parte de los usuarios, ya que podría estar influyendo en los resultados (AU)

Introduction: This found that frequent use of computers in administrative work shows an increase of musculoskeletal problems in people who use them. This study evaluated associations between computational jobs and presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, with special emphasis on physical elements that make up the design. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study on a population sample of 153 subjects administrative and frequent users of computers. Questionnaire was administered musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic assessment of jobs. Subsequently, we performed univariate and multivariate analysis. Results and Discussion: The proportion of jobs with inadequate ergonomic work surface was 62.7%, 53.6% keyboard, 90.8% and briefcases. The most important association between symptoms by body region was inappropriate ergonomically designed left shoulder / keyboard (p value: 0.04). We conclude that the study population has a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic design is not the keyboard, desk and chair might be related to symptoms in upper extremities, thoracic and lumbar region respectively. It is suggested to study the use made of the jobs by the users as it could be influencing the results (AU)

Características de los comités paritarios y accidentalidad: un estudio exploratorio utilizando árboles de clasificación / Characteristics of joint committees and accidentability: an exploratory study using classification trees

Propósito. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis exploratorio de las relaciones entre distintos indicadores del funcionamiento de los Comités Paritarios de Higiene y Seguridad (CPHS) como predictores de las variaciones en la accidentalidad. Diseño. Este artículo presenta una investigación cuantitativa, exploratoria-descriptiva. Muestra. Participaron del estudio 322 integrantes de Comités Paritarios, principalmente de la Región Metropolitana, pertenecientes a rubros de servicio, agroindustria y manufactura. Instrumento. El instrumento utilizado para recabar la información fue el Cuestionario para evaluar “Funcionamiento de Comités Paritarios de Higiene y Seguridad” deBlamey (Blamey et al. 2005), y los índices de accidentalidad de las empresas involucradas en el estudio. Variables. Las variables del estudiofueron: el índice de accidentalidad, diversas actividades de prevención,autoridad del comité, nivel de compromiso de la empresa y trabajadores, entre otras. Procedimiento. Para el análisis de la información se realizaron modelamientos empleando la técnica de análisis no paramétrico de Árboles de Clasificación. Resultados. Se encontró que los principales predictores de accidentalidad pueden variar según el rubro, como, por ejemplo, para el Agroindustrial y Servicios fue la capacitación; para el Industrial fue el seguimiento de los acuerdos del Comité,entre otros. Conclusiones. Los perfiles no necesariamente se condicen con lo esperado desde la teoría; esto podría ser indicativo de que los integrantes de los comités están percibiendo de manera distinta algunos aspectos relacionados con la disminución de la accidentalidad.Probablemente en cada CPHS por rubro hay variabilidad en las percepcionesrespecto de las conceptualizaciones de accidentalidad y sus causas relacionales. El método del Árbol de Clasificación nos permitió explorar perfiles para lograr identificar diferentes atributos de los gruposque se vinculan al aumento.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to carry out an exploratory analysis of relations between various indicators of the functioning of the Joint Committees on Industrial Hygiene (JHSC) as predictors of changes in accidentability. Design. This article presents a quantitative, exploratory and descriptive research. Sample. 322 members of jointcommittees, mainly from the metropolitan area, pertaining to theservices, agroindustry and manufacturing sectors participated in thestudy. Instrument. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire to assess "Operation of the Joint Committee on Health and Safety" of Blarney (Blamey et al. 2005), and accidentability indexes of the companies involved in the study. Variables. The study variables were: The accidents index, various prevention activities, theauthority of the committee, the level of commitment of the company and workers, among others. Procedure. For the analysis of information modellings were performed using the technique of nonparametric analysis of Classification Trees. Results. It was found that the main predictors of accidentability may vary according to sectors, for example, for the agroindustrial and services sectors it was training, and for the industrial sector it was the follow-up of agreements of the Committee, among others. Conclusions. The profiles are not necessarily consistent with which was expected from theory, this could be anindication that the committee members are perceiving some aspects related to the decrease of accidents in a different way. Probably in every JHSC per sector, there is variability in the perceptions of the conceptualizations of accidentability and their relational causes. The classification tree method allowed us to explore profiles in order to identify different characteristics of the groups that are linked to the increase or decrease in accidentability.

La participación social en salud: el desafío de Chile / Community participation in health: the challenge in Chile

Health care reforms implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last 20 years have viewed community participation as a system-wide component. Nonetheless, these reform efforts have yet to break through the conceptual and operational barriers holding back the development and expansion of community participation. In Chile, changes introduced to the health care system are far from achieving any real participation from the community. Therefore, the consumer's role needs to be redefined from merely controlling the parts, to reaching across the whole system in a way that consumer input might identify and quickly correct any posible shortcomings in the health system's design, as well as its operations. With this in mind, the main challenges are to strengthen coordination among the various promotion and participation commitments, as well as community control, and to generate data and other evidence to assess the impact of community participation in health strategies.